Viewing Heritage And Identity Of An African American Family

Alice Walker attempts to depict the different ways of viewing heritage and identity of an African American family. During the first read, the audience sides with the narrator and Maggie against Dee/Wangero. The reader can see Dee/Wangero antagonist of the story. However, this is not the only way to interpret â€Å"Everyday Use†. Walker has created a more complex story than just right and wrong. After further analysis, the reader comes to understand that Wangero view of her cultural heritage and identity as a black woman in America is different than the view that Maggie and the narrator have. Wangero values the quilts differently than her family, however that does not mean she is the enemy in the story. In the initial reading of â€Å"Everyday Use†, the audience sides with the narrator and Maggie. The narrator sees the faults in both of her daughters. For instance, Wangero is depicted as intelligent, beautiful, and a bit bull headed (pg1532). Maggie is not very bright an d she is like a timid, broken animal (pg1532). Dee had every advantage where Maggie had none. The reader immediately feels sorry for Maggie and the narrator. Where as the reader’s interpretation of Wangero only lessens throughout the story. Wangero wants more from life than staying in her small home town. When the family’s first house burned down the narrator thought that her daughter should, â€Å"dance around the ashes† (1532). When Wangero was young she rejected the quilts, her old home, and her family. Now, years later,Show MoreRelatedSynthesis Paper : Developing Cultural Self Awareness1726 Words   |  7 Pagescounseling would benefit them or it was frown upon by their culture and communities. Counseling was viewed as ineffective for those of non-dominate culture. Culturally competent counselors must be aware of their culture, cultural worldviews, and cultural identity to better serve a diverse community. Cultural self-awareness is needed amongst counselor s as those from diverse cultures begin to use counseling resources more. Cultural self-awareness among the counselors is imperative since, per Paula Allen-MearesRead MoreThe Importance Of Saving And Sharing The Heritage Of Our African Ancestors1688 Words   |  7 Pagesimportance of saving and sharing the heritage of our African ancestors is a focus we should all strive for. After the crossing over of the Middle Passage to the so called New World, it is thought that all heritage and culture was lost. W.E.B. DuBose agreed when he stated â€Å"cultural survival of Africans in the New World and discusses how their language, religion, and practices survived† (as cited in Belgrave and Allison, 2014, p. 139). We will look at how the African heritage was in fact not lost but how itRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1372 Words   |  6 PagesCultural assimilation undoubtedly plays an extreme role in society as a whole, but more specifically in the African American Community. Alic e Walker gives slight insight into   what being forced   to assimilate is like. She says in her short story Everyday Use: She will stand hopelessly in corners homely and ashamed of the burn scars down her arms and legs eyeing her sister with a mixture of envy and awe. Statements such as these are a regular occurrence in her works. Walker often speaks on theRead More`` Everyday Use Is One Of The Walker s Most Anthologized Short Stories Essay2078 Words   |  9 PagesWalker’s most anthologized short stories. It stresses on the bond of the mother-daughter which is solely on African American woman identity in the context of her family and the kind of relationship she has with the kids. Within the book, the author has used gentle humour to show Dee/Wangeroe’s excess of zeal in trying to calm her heritage, and her overlooking of the truth of African American experience. The speaker in this story as presented by the author is a mother of two girls Maggie and DeeRead MoreConfronting Social Identities in Society Essay1580 Words   |  7 PagesThere are a lot of social problems that exists in the world today, which includes but do not limited to self identity and racism. However, they somehow go unnoticed because at times people conform to what society thinks is the way to live. In my opinion, people believe they should act or feel a certain way because of what is broadcast on television, featured in magazines, and even brought into the limelight by celebrities. While Toni Morrison’s â€Å"The Bluest Eye† (1970) and Alice Walker’s â€Å"EverydayRead MoreGender Portrayal Of The Mammy And The Mulatto Child1712 Words   |  7 Pagesprototypical theme of the maternal melodrama† (26). Heung recognized diversity within the film, which she discussed within the article, primarily themes pertaining to the idea of a strong female pr otagonist at the movie’s center, the strong friendship/family bonds between white and black characters, and the overtly criticizes the cruelty and unfairness of white racism. ‘The Oppositional Gaze’ by Bell Hooks article summaries how black female spectators view white supremacy, and how this gender/racialRead MoreDance 101 Study Guide 2 Essay7099 Words   |  29 PagesLesson 2 Study Guide Broadway The American Musical: At the start of the 20th century, the popular vaudeville shows that crossed the nation became the training ground and inspiration for the birth of the American musical. As the primary location for the professionalization of American performance art, understanding the complicated negotiation of gendered and racial identities on the Broadway stage provides important background to the development of an American identity in concert dance through the restRead MoreAnalysis Of Toni Morrison s Tar Baby 1967 Words   |  8 Pages Prejudice and hatred based upon a person s race identity, gender, or class can, at times, be found within the people of the very stratum that they contest. European and white societal oppression of black culture and civilization effectively distorted ones perception-prompting opposition and internal strife between the two populaces. In Toni Morrison s novel Tar Baby, the central character, Jadine, is constantly judged by not only her own racial society, but also due to her upbringing, the whiteRead More Asian Americans in the Classroom Essay4678 Words   |  19 PagesAsian Americans in the Classroom Asians are one of fastest growing minority groups in America today. During this century, various factors at home and abroad have caused people from Asia to immigrate to the United States for better or for worse. Due to these factors, Americans and American teachers, in particular, need to educate themselves and become aware of the Asian American students’ needs in terms of success and happiness. Before beginning my research, I felt I had an easy subject: studyingRead MoreComparing The Lenses Of Personal And Social Identity1806 Words   |  8 PagesHow is it for you to see yourself through  both  a personal and social identity perspective? How did your Cultural Chest increase your understanding? In comparing the lenses of personal and social identities, it is interesting to note the role that other people play in influencing social conceptions as compared to those which are inwardly shaped. In relation to Tatum’s reference to Charles Cooley, considering my social identity made it clear that â€Å"people are in the mirror in which [I see myself]†

Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act - 6750 Words

Introduction The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (JJDPA) is the principal federal program through which the federal government sets standards for juvenile justice systems at the state and local levels. It provides direct funding for states, research, training, and technical assistance, and evaluation. The JJDPA was originally enacted in 1974 and even though the JJDPA has been revised several times over the past 30 years, its basic composition has remained the same. Since the act was passed in 1974, the JJDPA focused solitary on preventing juvenile delinquency and on rehabilitating juvenile offenders. Since the original enactment of the JJDPA in 1974, the periodic reauthorizations have been controversial, as the Acts†¦show more content†¦Congress would also like to strengthen the Disproportionate Minority Contact (DMC) core protection by requiring States to take concrete steps to reduce racial and ethnic disparities in the juvenile justice system and provide safe and human e conditions of confinement for youth in State or local custody by prohibiting use of JJDPA funds for dangerous practices and encouraging States to adopt best practices and standards to eliminate dangerous practices and unnecessary isolation. Not to mention, provide a research†based continuum of mental health and substance abuse services to meet unmet needs of court†involved youth and their families, including diversion and re†entry services and assist States in compliance with the JJDPA by establishing incentive grants to encourage States to adopt evidence†based and/or promising practices that improve outcomes for youth and their communities. For States that are deemed to be out of compliance with any of the core protections, Congress should require any JJDPA funds withheld for non†compliance to be set aside and made available to those States as improvement grants to help them with those particular protections.Show MoreRelatedJuvenile Justice And Delin quency Prevention Reauthorization Act1577 Words   |  7 Pagesis to research the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Reauthorization Act. The paper will focus on the purpose of this legislation, as well as the values that are expressed by this policy. This paper will not only address why this piece of legislation is important it will discuss the effects this act has had on the communities as well as the youths themselves. This paper, will also address the potential for change about the public attitudes towards the juvenile justice system and the socialRead MoreJuvenile Justice And Delinquency Prevention Act Of 19741625 Words   |  7 PagesA juvenile or â€Å"youthful inmate† as defined by the Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003 (PREA) is any person under the age of eighteen who is under adult-court supervision and incarcerated or detained in a prison or jail. While PREA defines a juvenile as under the age of eighteen the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Preventio n Act of 1974 (JJDPA) allows the states to set their own definition of a juvenile (Lahey). This discrepancy in the definition of a juvenile has caused problems and slow progressRead More Preventing Juvenile Delinquency Essay1386 Words   |  6 PagesPreventing Juvenile Delinquency The saying is that history often repeats itself. If this is true then society will have to deal with the complex burden of juvenile who eventually become adult criminals. However, if this saying is not true then the community in which juvenile delinquency exist must have the tool necessary to divert the youth in the community. If one is to change delinquent youth’s behavior, they need to variegate the justice system in order to prevent juvenile delinquent recidivismsRead MoreCauses and Solution of Juvenile Delinquency in America Essay1726 Words   |  7 Pagesthan 3300 young adults under the age of 18† (Khan).Juvenile delinquency can be caused by the influence gangs,bullying, and bad parenting. This topic caught my attention because there a lot of kids getting arrested each year for crimes committed and kids getting involved in gangs, also kids getting access to weapons,drugs, or getting bully by other people. However juvenile delinquency can be prevented by offerin g bullying prevention, violence prevention curriculums and mentoring programs. â€Å"If gangsRead MoreThe American Juvenile Justice System1043 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican juvenile justice system had developed over the past century with a number of variables that makes it different from the adult criminal justice process. Juvenile justice advocates supports the differences on the youthful offenders. Juvenile crime policy over the course of the twentieth century talks about transferring the law’s conceptions of young offenders. Starting from the nineteenth century, many of the youths were tried and punished as adults. However, treatment of juveniles in the UnitedRead MoreCrime Prevention Programs And Juvenile Delinquency1378 Words   |  6 PagesCrime Prevention Programs Juvenile Delinquency Jenna Moffitt American Military University Professor Parkinson CMRJ295 November 29, 2015 Crime Prevention Programs Juvenile Delinquency Crime is the one constant thing in our country that will always be around. For decades we have enhanced our technology, changed our laws, put away criminals, but crime still, and will always exist. Crime prevention programs are put into place to help prevent juveniles and adults fromRead MoreModern Day Juvenile Justice System882 Words   |  4 PagesThe modern day Juvenile Justice System (JJS) in the U.S. evolved out of fragmented reform movements throughout the country that began in 1800 and continued into the 1900’s, Progressive Era. Out of the many movements that were occurring in various states, two pioneered approaches took place that could easily be considered the roots of the entire JJS. In 1824 in the state of New York, the New York House of Refuge became the nation’s first reformatory for children. For the first time, there was anRead MoreEssay on Juvenile Justice1506 Words   |  7 PagesPortfolio on Juvenile Status Offenders A juvenile status offender is a youth charged with an offense that is not consider a crime if committed by an adult; this would include but not limited to running away from home, curfew violations, underage drinking, skipping school, or beyond a parents control. Status offenders are usually not incarcerated on their first offense, but violating a court order can find them as delinquent who can result in being place in a correction or detention facility. Read MoreShould Juveniles Be Tried as Adults896 Words   |  4 PagesQuestion: Should juvenile offenders be tried and punished as adults? Claim: Juvenile offenders shouldn’t be tried and punished as adults. I. Introduction a. There has been a lot of controversy over the issue of if juveniles should be tired and punished as adults. II. Harsh Policies Do not work http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/juvenile-justice/factsheets/youthasadults.pdf III. Adult Convictions Jeopardize Children’s Rights and Futures IV. Risks to Children’s Health V. These PoliciesRead MoreGender Roles : The Juvenile Justice System1244 Words   |  5 PagesGender Roles in the Juvenile Justice System What role does gender play at the various stages of the juvenile justice system? Gender plays an enormous role in the juvenile justice system; both boys and girls have their fair share of run-ins with the Juvenile Justice System, but now more so than ever, females crime rates have increased. In some instances within the juvenile justice system, it may appear that boys and girls are comparable; however there are differences, even though they are subtle.

What are the risk factors associated with lower back pain amongst nurses Free Essays

string(142) " to personal and work-related characteristicscross-sectional and included a survey of ICU nursesShift patterns Manual handling Eriksen et al\." Introduction The purpose of this assignment is to review chosen literature on recognising the risks factors of lower back pain in nurses. This will then enable the author to establish what impact these implications have on nurses. Work factors was chosen as the subject to review as this was quite a problematic issue that the author found on a recent placement. We will write a custom essay sample on What are the risk factors associated with lower back pain amongst nurses? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Dawidowicz (2010) defines a literature review as a â€Å"systematic examination of knowledge available from a chosen topic, including appropriate peer- reviewed sources†. Furthermore, a literature review should be a â€Å"review of what’s known, not suspected or assumed about a specific topic. Therefore, It’s goal is to complete an â€Å"accurate representation of the knowledge and re- searched based theory of the chosen topic†. Background Recent evidence and research has shown that, over recent years lower back pain has become one of the highest causes of work related illness (Beijia et al, 2005). Wolfe Pfleder (2003) therefore suggest that, this is very serious issue and a costly matter to hospitals and trusts. Bernard (1997) further goes on to say, it is shown that lower back pain and workload are related through research taken through recent years. Collins Menzel (2006) state â€Å"The Health of nurses influences not only their job satisfaction, quality of life and desire to change careers but also quality of care and patient safety†, therefore, many occupational Health teams have become aware and therefore, are now focusing on the nursing profession, as it is identified as physically and psychologically demanding. Methodology In order for the literature review to begin surrounding this subject, the author had to search databases, generating from the University of Derby, through their EBSCO database. This therefore enabled the author to search, Medline, British Nursing Index and chanhai were searched for the relevant articles. The author also searched reference lists from systemic reviews for the chosen subject. In order for the author to get the best results from the database, a technical support technician helped ensure that important literature was included in their search. The key words searched in this literature review were, â€Å"back pain†, and â€Å"work related† the author had to limit their criteria, in order for the search to work. The author decided that for particle reasons and also for up to date evidence on the subject, a timeline search was to be used, this was â€Å"1990-2011† which resulted in 792 articles being found. The literature search was still to wide with resources, therefore, results had to be narrowed down more, in order to do this the author searched using the advanced search. This was used so that the â€Å"Gender† search was male and female, â€Å"language published† was English. The author also considered the age of the participants in the search, they searched the age criteria as, 19+, middle aged and 65+. This generated 103 articles, however, the author still considered this to be to wide a search. Lastly, the subject search then included â€Å"Nurses† which then resulted in sixty -one articles being found. The author searched â€Å"all world† in order to get the best possible results from the search and to compare whether each country has the same outcome of different. The chosen articles ranged from, USA, Greece, South Korea, Canada, Netherlands and Norway. The author wanted to compare and contrast other countries aspects on the risk factors for lower back pain through the work environment. The author then read through the article titles generated from the search from reading the articles abstracts: the author the put them in order or relevance. However, from further reading, the author found most article un-relevant to the topic and, the language was not English. Therefore, the non relevant topics and, articles that did not provide the minimum information required. were then removed from the search. The author found relevant articles, however, they were not available from the university and although stated therefore, the author had to exclude this from their list. This then left thirty articles which, the author thought were expectable by reading the abstracts. From the thirty articles, 15 were actually deemed suitable from further reading of the articles. The results then left seven articles to be reviewed by the author, these were written by; Simon et al. (2006); Vieira et al. (2006); Ja June et al. (2009); Eriksen et al. (2004); Bryns et al. (2004); Alexopoulos et al. (2003). These articles have been chosen due to the fact they have been peer- reviewed and contain useful and relevant information on the subject and are ethically approved by the participants in the research. The articles ranged from credible sources, these were: International Journal of Nursing Studies; Advanced nursing practice; Journal of clinical nursing and journal of occupational and evoirmental health. The articles explore issues around Lower back injuries and pain in the working environment for nurses, including not only physical factors but, also psychophysical factors. The articles explore why risk factors are there and how in future they can be preventative through education mandatory training. Results The table (below) has been drawn up through the guidance of PRISMA (2009) to extract the useful and relevant information out of the articles. The author has chosen to present the findings in a table ,as it enables them to review, abstract and reference the appropriate and important information needed for the literature review. Table 1: results from the chosen literature Author Year originStudy Selection Age of participantsStudy CharacteristicsMethodologySummary Of Findings Simon et al. (2006)Belgium; Germany; France; Italy; The Netherlands; Poland; Slovakia21,516 24-50 To what extent physical and psychosocial risk factors are associated with back-pain-related disability in nursingCross-sectional secondary analysis of multinational dataManual handling not the cause of lower back pain problems Vieira et al. (2006)Canada47 24-36 To identify problems leading to the higher incidence rate of work-related low back injury among nurses in the orthopedic and intensive care unitHospital injuries records and questionnaireManual handling concerns: *pulling *twisting *squatting Environmental factors Ja June et al. (2009)South Korea1345 27 To examine the prevalence and treatment of low back pain and the relationship to personal and work-related characteristicscross-sectional and included a survey of ICU nursesShift patterns Manual handling Eriksen et al. (2004)Greece351 25-37 To explore work factors that predict intense lower back pain and lower back pain in relation to sick leave. Factors associated with lower back painQuestionnaire surveyHow nurses transfer patients Heavy lifting Work demands, shift changes, lack of support Bryns et al. (2004)Illinois, USA4826 21-59 Risk factors related to lower back pain in nursesSurvey, self questionnaireShift work Heavy lifting Physical workload Patient transfer Alexopoulos et al. (2003)Norway 4266 20-65 To investigate between the physical and psychos social characteristics of lower back painQuestionnaire survey at 3 month and 15 month intervalsHigh job demands Physical workload Discussion From evaluating the articles, the author found that, the most common theme for risk factors showed that, areas surrounding physical workload, work demands and nurse education and patient transfer. These were persistent and have been considered the most important areas to focus on the literature review. Physical workload There were six articles that showed the association of the risk of lower back pain through physical workload of the nurses. Vieira et al. (2006) found in his study that, by using a body part discomfort index and, Borg rating of perceived exertion, they were able to assess where the common risk factors were among the nursing staff. The study found that, the more patient transfer, lifting and pulling increased the percentage of lower back pain incidence. Nurses reported in the study that manual handling was the most stressful and energetic part of their workload, consisting of 60% of the participants complaining of back ache or pain at the end of their eight or twelve hour shift. Vieira et al (2006) studied that, most of the shifts consisted of the nurses to bend squat, lift and twist, he found this was the cause of all most cases of lower back pain. Eriksen et al. (2004) conducted a search consisting of 4266 at three months and then fifteen months later reducing to 3808 nurses. The re search showed that, nurses positioned the patients a average of five- nine times per eight hour shift. The author feels that this is a frequent occurrence throughout the studies done. Therefore, Eriksen et al (2004) also found that frequent heavy lifting was a strong association of lower back pain related sickness. In the present study, it identified the frequency of lifting, carrying, and pushing heavy objects showing a high relevance and predicted high intensity of lower back pain in the nurse’s. Bryns et al. (2004) conducted a study that showed 4826 nurses and the fear of them developing lower back pain and possible problems. It was shown that physical workload was evaluated through job category, it highlighted the importance of the different nursing roles and how much physical workload they dealt with in a twelve hour shift. The study conducted showed that again lifting and patient transfer was one of the highest risks to lower back pain. Furthermore, a point made by Bryn s et al (2004) was job location and position, which showed more strenuous patient transfer, therefore highlighting more lifting and more years working in that area, produced the highest risk factors with reported lower back pain. Ja June et al. (2009) is keen to emphasis that in their study the nurse’s were at young age resulting in the mean aged being only twenty-seven. Nevertheless, nurses in South Korea are portrayed as being healthy with little health problems or suffer with back problems (Smith et al. 2004). However, nurses were found with a high prevalence of back pain resulting from physical work demands in the shifts. A valid argument to make is that, although south Korea have the lowest age range compared to the other studies carried out, the risk factors were much the same as with older more experienced nurses. However, Simon et al (2006) comprised a search; they found that in their study, manual handling was not a major concern for the risk factor of lower back pai n. The search reported that they used a two scale â€Å"lifting and bending† score that established the percentage of nurses suffering with their back at the end of their shift, however even though the study showed a high percentage of nursing staff with lower back pain, Simon et al (2006) concluded they found no association between the two. Work environment five of the articles emphasised the work demands of the nurse’s. The studies picked up on shift patterns and co-worker support. Research by Lagerstrom et al. (1998) identifies that, shifts are risk factors for lower back pain. It’s highlighted that day shifts nurses perform more patient handling, resulting in higher physical work demands than on night shifts. This is reviewed in a study done by Ja June et al. (2009) who explains that work demands play a vital part in the exposure of risk factors of lower back pain. However, it was shown from the study that the nurses in Ja June et al (2009) study who worked night shifts, had a higher rate of lower back pain than day time nurse’s. Therefore, the association was shown to be, night work decreased sleep time and quality, and this sleep disturbance caused muscle strain. The author feels that nurse staffing levels were an important issue raised in relation to night shift, Ja June et al (2009, pp 484) state in their stu dy †Nurse staffing that is not adequate was associated with a higher back pain prevalence than perceiving staffing that was adequateâ€Å". The study showed that, night shift nurse’s had fewer numbers working compared to day shifts, resulting in more physical work demands. It has become apparent in a study by Eriksen et al (2004) that in their search that the association between night work and lower back pain were high than those who never worked a night shift. This could result in the nurses being left alone on night shifts, therefore leaving them lifting or doing heavy patient transfers alone (Eriksen et al, 2008). It was also reported by nurses in the recent study that, low co- worker support were considered to be a high risk to them, not being supported and insufficient staffing levels were a big concern. Alexopoulos et al (2003) study found the association between high job demands, low job control and lower back pain. The study showed that, nurses needed recovery time to help relieve them from the strenuous shifts, however, it was shown that this was not done and, nurses carried on to do the work of others who were on sick leave or annual leave. It was conducted that due to the hospital size, the turnover of patients were demanding, resulting in work pressure on the nurses. Ja June et al (2009) agrees with Alexopoulos et al (2003) study and cites, regardless of length of shifts and shift work demands, it identifies that, it is a risk factor for lower back pain. They further state that, this should be examined in more depth in the future to conclude how much a risk factor it really is on nurses. Nurse education and patient transfer aides The author has found from the beginning of reading the research articles, that it has become apparent the association of lower back pain and manual handling, showing nurses, did not use the manual handling equipment supplied to them. Bryns et al (2004) study acknowledges the fact that, nurses did not follow the correct safety procedures when manual handling of patients. Therefore, they decided that they would use a knowledge scale taken from the Back Prevention Agency and incorporated this into the study to understand how well the nurses understood back safety issues. The Health Belief Model states that â€Å"Nurses need the basic knowledge of back safety and, must be aware of certain risks to be able to feel venerable to risks in order to become motivated to be aware of a safer behaviour†. Bryns et al (2004) report consequently showed that from their study, 11% of the nurse’s use the manual handling aides provided for them. However, the remaining percentage used other forms of manual handling that was considered to be a risk to them. Furthermore, the study emphasised and made a point that, the nurses understood about back safety measures; however, 46% of the nurses blamed the environment for the reason of awkward space and room sizes. 56% of the nurses blamed themselves and the environment for not correctly doing manual handling. Therefore, The reason they did not follow the safety procedures were, it was quicker doing other forms of manual handling and the mechanical aides were unavailable at the time. Vieira et al (2006) study highlighted the fact that the nurses would pull the patients up the bed and do squat lifts rather than use mechanical lifting aides. In contrast, the study cited that this became a consistent problem towards lower back pain. Consequently, the study recognised that the nurses understood the importance of mechanical lifting aides, however, they did not use them throughout the study, which highlighted that they did not use t he mechanical lifting aides due to the fact it took longer to transfer the patients, despite the fact that this could reduce the risk of lower back pain or serious back problems. Conclusion To conclude on the research, the author has found strong factors that are associated with lower back pain. Due to the word count for this literature review, the author chose the relevant topics to review in order to comply with the three thousand word limit. The significant factors showed that nurses had a great physical work demands, resulting in risk factors to occur. Evidence was produced by Simon et al (2006); Vieira et al (2006); Ja June et al (2009); Eriksen et al (2004); Bryns et al (2004); Alexopoulos et al (2003) that, heavy patients and awkward positions such as squats, twists and bends, nurses got in to for patient transfer became a significant factor that should be reviewed more in hospital departments. However, this can be argued by literature produced from both Bryns et al (2004) and Vieira et al (2006) that highlights that nurses are educated and trained for the correct safety procedures, yet fail to use manual handling equipment. The author feels that, this is a major problem and, therefore concerned that, if nurses carry on to work this way, back pain will become a greater issue and may result in disability. Therefore, education and training courses should be mandatory and be assessed frequently to improve the outcome. Furthermore, the underused of requirement should be investigated more to prevent back pain. Work factors showed to be a significant risk to lower back pain. research has shown that nurses have tiring and strenuous work demands, resulting in lack of rest at the end of shifts. Research has also proven to show that shift patterns have a increasing effect on lower back pain and also co-worker support. The author feels that this should be addressed and more support put in place to support nurses on strenuous shifts in the future. How to cite What are the risk factors associated with lower back pain amongst nurses?, Essay examples

Godless society in Vanity Fair free essay sample

W. M. Thackeray’s Vanity Fair is one of the most outstanding and influential novels in English literature. Thackeray made obvious, both in his role as the narrator of Vanity Fair and in his private correspondence about the book, that he meant it to be not just entertaining but instructive. Like all satire, Vanity Fair has a mission and a moral of a great importance. The author introduces his extended metaphor of nineteenth-century English society as a fair. Titled â€Å"Before the Curtain†, the preface immediately associates society with spectacle, glitter, and performance, and also casts social relationships in terms of roles, scripts, and performances. A fair is consciously performative; it evokes visions of costumes, theater, shows, games,etc. Vanity Fair is fixated on performance and the way in which we all act out roles for the benefit of those around us. Yet society can also be viewed as a very performative, hidden under the masks of hypocrisy, selfishness and snobbishness. We will write a custom essay sample on Godless society in Vanity Fair or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This novel is a perfect example of godless community. All characters are victims of a society where evil rules the world. There is no any point in describing every individual, because all of them are driven by the worship of wealth, rank, power, and class and are corrupted by them. Everyone is selfish in varying degrees. The selfishness of characters like Becky, Jos Sedley, and Lord Steyne is obvious; however, even apparently selfless characters like Amelia, Dobbin, and Lady Jane are selfish, though to a much lesser degree. Almost every character lives with some or the other vanity, external or internal, physical or psychological, driving the entire bourgeoisie reality. It takes many forms in the novel, from Beckys flirtation with rich, noble men, to John Osbornes rejection of Amelia. Thackeray firmly proclaims many times in his work that he is devoted to revealing the truth, even though a true portrait of bourgeois society is not an appealing one. All of Thackerays characters struggle because they avoid truth. Becky deceives everyone but her schemes eventually turn on her. Amelia refuses to see the truth about Georges playboy nature and his infidelity. Dobbin refuses to accept that Amelia does not love him, and he endures years of torture at her side. Rawdon refuses to acknowledge Beckys manipulations. It is also important to mention that almost all inhabitants of Vanity Fair strive after money. The desire to constantly rise higher in the social sphere is the only motivation for action or movement. No character exerts effort unless its in the service of finding a better-placed patron, campaigning for a new position, or acquiring a new status symbol. All their goals are deeply materialistic and this bad feature prevent them from real life. The more mankind inclines towards money, the farther it goes from simple humanity. To conclude, W. M. Thackeray satirizes the society because it is the depiction of the real world. He has portrayed true to life people in all their vices and crudity, thus the consequences of their behaviour are the perversion of love, friendship, hospitality and the inability to love. â€Å"The world is a looking-glass, and gives back to every man the reflection of his own face. † Thackeray tries to convey the reader that vanities only make man ridiculous and corrode the goodness and simplicity of their hearts. Still, the author has full faith in his readers. He believes that society can change for the better, which is definitely a positive and optimistic notion.

Wilfred Owens Anthem For Doomed Youth Essays - Dulce Et Decorum Est

Wilfred Owen's Anthem For Doomed Youth Notes for students Anthem for doomed Youth 1 Anthem - perhaps best known in the expression The National Anthem; also, an important religious song (often expressing joy); here, perhaps, a solemn song of celebration 2 passing-bells - a bell tolled after someone's death to announce the death to the world 3 patter out - rapidly speak 4 orisons - prayers, here funeral prayers 5 mockeries - ceremonies which are insults. Here Owen seems to be suggesting that the Christian religion, with its loving God, can have nothing to do with the deaths of so many thousands of men 6 demented - raving mad 7 bugles - a bugle is played at military funerals (sounding the last post) 8 shires - English counties and countryside from which so many of the soldiers came 9 candles - church candles, or the candles lit in the room where a body lies in a coffin 10 pallor - paleness 11 dusk has a symbolic significance here 12 drawing-down of blinds - normally a preparation for night, but also, here, the tradition of drawing the blinds in a room where a dead person lies, as a sign to the world and as a mark of respect. The coming of night is like the drawing down of blinds. 1 DULCE ET DECORUM EST - the first words of a Latin saying (taken from an ode by Horace). The words were widely understood and often quoted at the start of the First World War. They mean It is sweet and right. The full saying ends the poem: Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori - it is sweet and right to die for your country. In other words, it is a wonderful and great honour to fight and die for your country 2 rockets which were sent up to burn with a brilliant glare to light up men and other targets in the area between the front lines (See illustration, page 118 of Out in the Dark.) 3 a camp away from the front line where exhausted soldiers might rest for a few days, or longer 4 the noise made by the shells rushing through the air 5 outpaced, the soldiers have struggled beyond the reach of these shells which are now falling behind them as they struggle away from the scene of battle 6 Five-Nines - 5.9 calibre explosive shells 7 poison gas. From the symptoms it would appear to be chlorine or phosgene gas. The filling of the lungs with fluid had the same effects as when a person drowned 8 the early name for gas masks 9 a white chalky substance which can burn live tissue 10 the glass in the eyepieces of the gas masks 11 Owen probably meant flickering out like a candle or gurgling like water draining down a gutter, referring to the sounds in the throat of the choking man, or it might be a sound partly like stuttering and partly like gurgling 12 normally the regurgitated grass that cows chew; here a similar looking material was issuing from the soldier's mouth 13 high zest - idealistic enthusiasm, keenly believing in the rightness of the idea 14 keen Disabled 'He sat in a wheeled chair, waiting for dark' (L.1) The immediate appearance of 'dark', 'grey' , and 'shivered' sets up the isolation of the wounded soldier. It strikes a strong comparison to the warmth of the second stanza. Return to poem 3.'used to swing so gay' (L.7) The next few lines mirror the tone of such poems as 'The Ruin', an Old English poem, in which the poet (anonymous) looks on a ruined building, now frost-bitten and decrepit, imagining the sound and warmth that once rang through its walls. Return to poem 4.'glow-lamps' and 'girls glanced' (L.8 & L9) Both are linked effectively by the use of alliteration. Return to poem 5.'before he threw away his knees' (L.10) The implication that this was a needless loss (sacrifice) is reinforced by Ll.23-4 where the wounded soldier fails to remember why he joined up, pointing only to a distant sense of duty, and euphoria after the football match. Fussell notes that: 'Owen's favourite sensuous device is the formula 'his - ', with the blank usually filled with a part of the body.' (p. 292). Return to poem 6.'Now he will never feel again how slim/Girls' waists are' (L.11 & L.12) Showing not only the physical loss of his

paula essays

paula essays Paula by Isabel Allende; 330 pp.; Cost: $14.00 When Isabel Allende's daughter, Paula fell gravely ill, Allende began to fill her writing tablet with a story for Paula. Allende wrote so when Paula woke up she won't be lost and will know what happened while she was in her coma. This is Allende's first nonfiction novel. The book tells you what is happening during Paula's illness along with Allende's autobiography and memoirs. She speaks to Paula telling her the story of odd ancestors, her own secrets, and stories from her youth. She also tells Paula what is going on while she is in her coma. Allende says what happened during the murder of her uncle, the Chilean President Salvador Allende, the military coup and her exile, her relationships and the downfall of her first marriage to Paula's father, why she wrote her first novel, to her present life in California. Allende turns this devastating experience to a happy one with her use of words making it a beautiful story. Paula different from Allende's other works because it is nonfiction; however it is known to be her best one along with House of the Spirits. I liked this book a lot and would definitely recommend it to anyone. If you haven't read any of Allende's novels and aren't familiar with her I don't think you would enjoy it as much. This book should be read after reading at least one of Allende's novels so there could be an introduction to getting to know this author. In my opinion, Isabel Allende has lived a very interesting life and you would find that out after reading this book. ...

System Requirements Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

System Requirements - Article Example This shows the client how accurate and secure software will be received. Software requirement document not only holds the client requirements but also the flow of the software. It tells each and every step in form of use cases that is to be performing while using software. It details the methods and plans that will be the part of testing before the submission of the project to the client. Moreover it compiles all the hardware specifications that are required for the software to run. It also holds the security plans for the software. This document helps client to estimate the software by company rules and regulation in addition of the requirements defined. Software requirement specification satisfies the client how accurate, modularized, prioritize; secure, analyzed, complete, verified and testable the software will be when developed. Not only client it helps the developer in the next phase to develop the software accordingly. How the software should be divided When to deliver which function Which function should be worked on earlier Etc. The paramount reason for system specification that later in the middle of production if team changes or any of the senior changes especially the on who interacts the client changes can get updated to the project then and there. If Software specification document would not prepared later... Engineering is the process to solve a problem. This involves steps like, analyzing the problem, thinking of different solutions, deciding which is best solution, calculation, evaluations, working to solve the problem and last but not least testing if the problem solved in a right manner or not. As science divides itself in number of different fields similarly engineering can be done in each field. The most common and known example of engineering is civil engineering. Sometimes we think that how these big bridges over the sea lay up Who are ones and how they made airplanes What made these cars run on roads Etc. these few kind of questions arose many times in mind. These all includes in civil engineering. Civil engineers are intelligent moreover bold enough to work for the convenience of people. They work day and night to plan the routes for roads, Design Bridge that allows people to cross huge rivers and seas. Civil engineering passes through with same set of steps as other engineering. That is, they analyze the problem, think what solution can be, calculate and decide which solutions fit best to solve the problem. Plan it, design it, and hire other people in their teams to help them implement the solution. Test in different ways and then allow the public to use it. Considering engineering, then civil engineering is same as software engineering. The only difference in civil engineering and software engineering is that if engineering fails, software crashes the maximum can be is, data is lost but in case of civil engineering the loss can be the human creatures. Thus, engineering should be done very carefully. That is requirements should be

Parallel trade (import) in pharmaceuticals in the UK Dissertation

Parallel trade (import) in pharmaceuticals in the UK - Dissertation Example One of the most common problems of these practices is their failure to fully meet the standards related to the relevant activity. Furthermore, it seems that the willingness of the state to support business initiatives in various industrial sectors is not standardized. The above problem has resulted to the development of practices, which can help businesses to minimize the risks of loss and increase their competitiveness; parallel trade is such practice. Despite its value in increasing business performance, mostly through decreasing prices while the quality of offered products is not affected, parallel trade has been often negatively criticized as of its effects on the economy. On the other hand, there are industries more appropriate for parallel trade and others where parallel trade practices are difficult to be established. In the pharmaceutical industry of Britain, parallel import was used in order to control prices, which are already at a high level – compared to the averag e prices of similar products in other EU countries. The use of parallel trade in the pharmaceutical industry has been initially related to the reduced prices for patients; however, through the years, the specific activity has been also found to help towards ‘the reduction of costs for the social security system of the importing countries’.1 In practice, it has been proved that the use of parallel trade in the specific case did not manage to significantly support the particular industry – at least, not at the level expected by its initiators. However, important benefits were resulted for the British economy. The effects of parallel trade on the British pharmaceutical industry are examined in this paper. Emphasis is given on the policies used by the British legislators to control parallel trade regarding the pharmaceutical products and minimize relevant risks. It is concluded that parallel trade in the British pharmaceutical industry has helped the industry in incr ease its competitiveness against its rivals – referring mostly to the pharmaceutical industries of other member states; however, in terms of the performance of British pharmaceutical firms, the benefits of parallel trade are not clear, a fact indicating that additional measures need to be taken in order for the parallel trade in the specific industry to be more effectively controlled. 2. Parallel trade – description, characteristics and benefits Due to its nature, parallel import cannot be clearly defined; rather, reference could be made to its characteristics, as identified in the literature published in the particular field. In accordance with Cheng et al. (1995) the key characteristics of the parallel import are the following ones: ‘a) it relates to goods protected by trademark/ patent or copyright and b) the importer is not the rightholder of the said right but obtained and exported’.2 In terms of their legal status, parallel import goods have been cha racterized as ‘greymarket goods’, meaning that they are not fully legal;3 this issue is judged each time by reviewing the conditions of the local market but also the economic benefits to which parallel import is related in a particular market.4 In practice, this means that in countries where parallel import highly supports the national economy, its potential alignment with the law (referring to the legal status of the parallel

Reasons for Seasons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reasons for Seasons - Essay Example The misconception by many people has always been that differences in seasons come about as a result of differences in the earth’s distance relative to the sun. The belief is that at certain times the distance between the earth and sun is wide and sometimes the two bodies are closer to one another. This seems to make sense since the nearer the sun the warmer it gets and the far from the sun the icy it gets. The truth is that the earth revolves around the sun in a circle that is almost perfect and hence there are no significance changes in terms of how far the earth is relative to the sun. Also North America experiences summer at the time when the South is experiencing winter. While spinning on the axis to yield days and nights, the earth also revolves in a circular orbit around the sun which takes 364 Â ¼ days or one year. The spin axis of the earth tilts with respect to the plane of its orbit and this is responsible for seasons. When the axis of the earth is pointed directly towards the sun then that particular hemisphere experiences summer and winter comes about when the axis is pointed away from the sun. The hemisphere tilting in the sun’s direction gets warmer as sunlight will travel directly to the surface of the earth and less of it scatters to the atmosphere. The hemisphere tilting in the direction of the sun also receives longer days as compared to nights hence during summer there are longer days than the winter days. All the other planets experience seasons but they markedly differ from what is traditionally seen on earth i.e., summer, spring, winter and fall. This is because the other planets have orbits which are more elliptical. Mercury for instance witnesses the most peculiar conditions; it makes three rotations in every two years and the eccentricity of its orbits has odd effects. Mars is the planet with orbit eccentricity that is highest and has a greater axial tilt than earth’s hence great seasonal

Does Liberalism Promote Or Undermine Democracy Politics Essay

Does Liberalism Promote Or Undermine Democracy Politics Essay In a world of ideologies, liberalism and democracy have long coexisted. Liberalism in essence advocates for liberty and equal rights and the importance of the role they play in the development of individuals (liberalism. 1/1). Democracy takes a step further and most types of democracies aim to bring this into execution by the subsequent granting of these rights and liberties i.e. providing a platform for the individuals to grow via equal participation in the realm of economic, social and political affairs, and thus enabling them to decide their own destiny (What Is a Liberal Democracy? 1/1). At times, the two have managed to complement and supplement each other when either the liberals in their attempt to liberate themselves de-democratized or the democrats in their attempt to democratize de-liberated. The purpose of this paper is to explore the role, if any; liberalism plays in the democratization of systems that govern the modern political ideologies. The correlation between libera lism and democracy has been one where liberalism has both strengthened and destabilized democracy at different times, in different ways. It is not merely the explicit merger or clash of the two ideologies that provides the basis for liberalism to promote or undermine democracy, as the case may be. The problem is one of a more complex nature, which upon closer look, can be rooted to several democratizing and de-democratization practices of the liberal democrats in their attempt to liberate themselves. The subsequent advent of Neoliberalism did not help much and by aiming to promote a market driven approach to politics and economics by maximizing the role of the private sector in determining the political and economic policies of the state (McChesney 1/1). The liberal ideology that voices for liberty and equal rights help in the running of democracies where people are granted these rights and liberties and are subsequently entitled to freedom of speech, equal right to vote and tolerance towards religions. Liberalism emphasizes on individual freedom and the protection of that freedom (Liberal Ideas 1/1). The origin of democracy can be traced back in history to the liberal ideology of capitalism which won against fascism and led to the democratization of the state, as advocated by John Locke (Uzgalis 1/1). It was the principle that not only liberated people but granted them fundamental rights laying the basis for democratization (Uzgalis 1/1). It was the individual economic power of the business class that allowed them to liberate themselves from the tyranny of dictators after they had started to get irritated by the thought of having to follow someone according to Charles Tilly, besides having the means to rule themselves and subsequently led to a more representative form of government (Tilly 1/1). The liberal idea of individual freedom and social equality as put forward by John Stuart Mill, laid the basis for granting of civil rights to people, subsequently leading to the democratization of the state where the role of civil society is considered to be one of great significance (Wils on 1/1). A major characteristic of liberal democracies is the existence of pluralism i.e. the coexistence of different political parties that allow people with opposing views to join together and be able to pursue their own agendas (liberal democracy 1/1). While free media, another brainchild of liberalism, enables people to voice their opinions, debate, analyze and critique the performance of the state thereby ensuring transparency thus strengthening democracy as the rule of the majority (Charlton 1/1). Another feature of liberal ideology i.e. capitalism argues for markets to operate freely (Capitalism and democracy take two 1/1). This provides people with increased choice and opportunity to grow and consequently protect individual wellbeing. Governments, in order to gain popular support, aim to benefit the majority and thus regulate this idea of capitalism to an extent only to make sure that the freedom to earn and grow is not concentrated and rather benefits the community at large (Capital ism and democracy take two 1/1). Liberalism has also been one of the major reasons for the demise of the democratic order in states over the years. Although liberalism provides the basis following which most democracies aim to flourish, the same at times has been guilty of promoting anti-democratic practices such as use of influence by elite to stay in power, more commonly known as Marxs idea of dictatorship of the bourgeoisie (MIA: Encyclopedia of Marxism: Glossary of Terms. 1/1), use of media to propagate against opposition (Charlton 1/1) and bureaucracys promotion of self-interest (Clarke, and Foweraker). It has been debated that media while playing a significant role in the strengthening of democracy can also be used to derail the democratic order (Charlton 1/1). The theory put forward is that liberalism promotes the role of media and considering the magnitude of importance attached, concentration of media i.e. ownership and control by a specific group or class (elite) can lead to its abuse (Charlton 1/1). These undesirable practices only contribute towards weakening of democracies. The existence of many political parties and the right to decide whether to vote or not granted to people by liberalism at times leads to the problems of promotion of self interests and not everyone voting; subsequently undermining the legitimacy of the electoral process as the choice of the majority (Compulsory Voting. 1/1). One such example is of Pakistan where the voter turnout was merely 44.91 percent in the 2008 elections (Pakistan voter turnout put at 44.9 percent 1/1). Moreover, many socialists argue that as liberalism promotes capitalism, the resulting democracy is not one of equality but rather one biased towards the influential elite (MIA: Encyclopedia of Marxism: Glossary of Terms. 1/1). They further argue that policies aimed at helping the elite for personal interests lead to increased disparity between rich and poor and thus are considered anti-democratic (MIA: Encyclopedia of Marxism: Glossary of Terms. 1/1). Bureaucracy also occupies great importance in the political and economic affairs of democratic states. Arguably, these bureaucrats in their desire to obtain individual benefits toy with laws to not only mend them in their favor but also ensure that their stay in power is both prosperous and long lasting (Clarke, and Foweraker). Such corrupt practices hamper the democratic order. Majoritarianism aims to again highlight the problem of the selected few (a minority) who have the means and power via self liberation through capitalism and con centration of media, to not only influence the political process but subsequently rule the majority while falsely proclaiming to be the voice of the majority (What Is a Liberal Democracy? 1/1). Another argument that highlights how liberalism undermines democracy is one of equal participation and the attainment of economic, social and cultural equality to go with the granted political equality (Carter and Stokes 8-12). Liberal democrats argue that as everyone has a right to vote thus the political system is democratic in essence, however the argument is that unless economic, social and cultural equality is also granted to marginalized groups such as feminists and gay right liberalists, democratization cannot be achieved in essence (Carter and Stokes 8-12). First wave feminists although did get a right to vote (West 1/1), it still did not ensure equality as the men who dominated society formed policies promoting self interests leaving them worse off. It was not until the second and third waves of feminism that women got more rights but still not equal to those enjoyed by men (West 1/1). Similarly gay right activists, Afro-Americans/blacks and ethnic minority liberalists argue that although they do have a say in the political sphere, they still have to bear several inequalities in terms of social, cultural and economic rights (Carter and Stokes 8-12). They also argue that the fact that women or blacks are given jobs it doesnt mean they are equal in all spheres (Carter and Stokes 8-12). The influential class not only is able to implement policies which benefit themselves but also ensure that these groups of people remain subservient to them (Carter and Stokes 8-12). The advent of Neoliberalism, however, has been the defining moment in this complex relationship between liberalism and democracy. Neoliberalism has managed to affect democracy in more explicit terms as it à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦neoliberalism has strengthened the sustainability of democracy in Latin America but limited its quality. (Weyland 1/1). Implying that globalization has led to the forced maintenance of democratic order while also increasing social inequality (Weyland 1/1). Neoliberals, the advocates of a market driven mechanism with no scope for government intervention, aim to maximize the role of private sector in the formation of all economic and political policies (McChesney 1/1). The shift of focus from the society to the individual has led to several extreme policy changes regarding privatization of public institutions, redistribution of wealth through taxation, and provision of welfare facilities including basic necessities such as health, education, food, clothing and shelter ( McChesney 1/1). Neoliberalism has become the dominating political ideology in recent times. Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan gave neo-liberalism a big boost in the 1980s. (Neoliberalism 1/1). The parties that follow neoliberal ideology and the policies implemented tend to have a clear bias in favor of a wealthy few and many multi/trans-national corporations (McChesney 1/1). Everything that seems to be in contradiction with the operations of the free market mechanism is subsequently suppressed by using even unfair means or undemocratic practices (McChesney 1/1). Business forces face little or no opposition and the primary objective of the state is not welfare and equality and rather profit making and economic growth even at the cost of increased disparity (McChesney 1/1). Democracy is only seen acceptable as long as it is in line with the objectives of the business class (McChesney 1/1). Any anti-democratic measures that promote business environment are considered to be acceptable and democratic t o a great extent (McChesney 1/1). Neoliberalism leads to complete alienation of the non business class from the political process (McChesney 1/1) as it can be seen in Pakistani politics where the political system is one that is either hereditary or elitist. The consequences of such an ideology range from low voter turnout to wide spread depression as while some are playing in billions, the others are even deprived of food for survival due to the nonexistence of public institutions that would otherwise aim to address the issue of social welfare which can and will never be addressed by corporations driven by profit motive (McChesney 1/1). Neoliberal democracy, with its notion of the market uber alles [sic], takes dead aim at this sector. Instead of citizens, it produces consumers. Instead of communities, it produces shopping malls. The net result is an atomized society of disengaged individuals who feel demoralized and socially powerless. (McChesney 1/1). According to Ha-Joon Chang (2004), a professor at the University of Cambridge, global neo-liberalism threatens democracy by granting global investors and corporations veto power over domestic policy choices that they oppose. He also argues that neoliberal policies have granted excessive power to monetary bodies such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund over domestic policies of recipient countries (Manurung 1/1). The influential capitalists, with their monopoly over property, media and political institutions amongst others, use coercive measures to suppress this opposition, a practice completely against the norms of democracy (McChesney 1/1). Those in favor of Neoliberalism, however argue that the idea of free market mechanism has provided people with choice and freedom (McChesney 1/1). They argue that it is a merit based system that promotes competition and provides equal opportunity to everyone who is good enough. Projects such as micro financing have emancipated women economically, who have been deprived otherwise (Mayoux 1/1). They argue that feminists have long fought for economic rights which have in turn been granted by Neoliberalism; the only condition is that one has to be good enough to attain (Mayoux 1/1). Liberalism, democracy and Neoliberalism have shared a strange relation since the time they have started to interact. Although liberalism and democracy do tend to complement each other as long as there is no misuse of power, Neoliberalism, has contributed mostly to the de-democratization while also contributing to democracy in the sense of increased participation. It mostly undermines the basic characteristics that define democracies and also goes on to contradict itself at times with regards to the liberation of every individual. The use of coercion to suppress opposition, that arises due to the increasing inequalities resulting from the market driven approach of Neoliberalism has done nothing but deprived the states of democratic order. Anti democratic policies of promoting self centered agendas through misuse of authority i.e. exercising economic and political influence via media and bureaucratic structures etc to stay in power have led both, liberalism to an extent and Neoliberali sm to almost completely, undermining democracy.

Death from a Buddhist and Christian Point of View :: essays research papers

Death from a Buddhist and Christian Point of View   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"You will be with me today in paradise,† Jesus Christ told this to the thief on the cross while they were dying. However, can people believe that there is truly life after death? In many different religions there are different perceptions of life after death. For example in the Buddhist religion, the Buddhist people believe that life is practice for death. Professor Brown, of California State University of Northridge stated, â€Å"The Buddhist people cultivate positive, happy virtuous states of mind and abandoning non-virtuous, harmful, suffering states of mind.† This teaching is mirrored by Christianity teachings as well. Professor Brown also stated, â€Å"Death is an opportunity for great spiritual achievement if one is prepared and remembers one’s spiritual practices and beliefs and understandings during the death process.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From its inception, Buddhism has stressed the importance of death, since awareness of death is what prompted the Buddha to perceive the ultimate futility of worldly concerns and pleasures. Realizing that death is inevitable for a person who is caught up in worldly pleasures and attitudes, he resolved to renounce the world and devote himself to finding a solution to this most basic of existential dilemmas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Buddhism does not look at death as a continuation of the soul but as an awakening. Dying and being reborn has been compared by some Buddhist as a candle flame. When the flame of one lit candle is touched to the wick of an unlighted candle, the light passes from one   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Valino 2 candle to another. The actual flame of the first candle does not pass over but is responsible for lighting the second candle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When preparing for death Buddhist generally agree a person’s state of mind while dying is of great importance. While dying the person can be surrounded by friends, family and monks who recite Buddhists scriptures and mantras to help the person achieve a peaceful state of mind. Buddhism asserts that all being live beyond the various fluctuations of this life. Death is merely a passage to rebirth in another realm such as the human world, a pure land or the flowering of the ultimate nature of the mind.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  So in all actuality, Buddhist believe that every day on earth, people should live with good positive feelings, positive thinking, positive attitude. As Buddhist people suggested, life is practice. One can not be happy in the after life unless one takes the advantage of their life on earth.